Social-Emotional Capability (Normal Children 0-5 years)

Posted by Unknown On Minggu, 25 Desember 2011 0 komentar

1. Ages 0-1 years
  • Smiling spontaneously 
  • Pay attention when his name is called 
  • Reacting to the word "no" 
  • Imitate simple actions another person
2.  Ages 1-2 years
  • Recognize yourself in the mirror or images 
  • Call themselves by names 
  • Playing himself, started his own game 
  • Imitate behavior of adults in the play 
  • Helped clear things 
3. Ages 2-3 years

  • Playing with other children 
  • Observing other children, joined briefly in their game 
  • Defending his own items 
  • Start playing house 
  • Symbolically uses objects and yourself in the game 
  • Participates in simple group activities (singing, dancing, clapping, dancing) 
  • Knowing the identity of sex (male and female)
4. Ages 3-4 years
  • Come into play with other children begin to interact 
  • Entering the game together 
  • Start playing seseluruhan scene plays (runs, pretending to be a mother / father, playing house)
5. Ages 4-5
  • Play and interact with other children 
  • Dramatic game was closer to the reality of reality. There are concerned about time, space and a small detail 
  • Show an interest in exploring gender differences




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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT ( PIAGET)

Posted by Unknown On Sabtu, 24 Desember 2011 0 komentar

  • Birth-2 years (sensorimotor)
Piaget,Coordinate the development of the child on his senses of perception, and behavior of a simple motion. At this stage is divided into six sections, in which the child begins to understand the existence of an external world and begin to interact in a simple. Piaget,
6 Stage in the Development of Sensorimotor is :
1. 0-1 ½: The development of reflex; hold, see, suck
2. 1 ½ -4 months: behavior that is shown to enjoy yourself
3. 4-8 mths: learning environments reactions & changes
4. 8-12 months: The desire to get the effect of induced behavior (problem solving initial)
5. 12-18 months: Variations in problem solving, testing what caused
6. 18-24 mths: imagination & words on close objects, understanding the floating symbol & problem solving

  • 2-6 years (Pre Operational) 
Piaget,Children in early childhood can be reality itself with symbols, such as mental imagery, words, body movements. Objects and events have not thought about, the child fails to distinguish the views himself and views of others, still dominated by an understanding on the surface, still puzzled by the cause-effect relationships.
  • 6-12 years (Concrete Operational)   
Piaget,Login in middle stages of children, they were able to operationalize mental, internalize the appropriate action in the system logic. Children up to the power of thought combining, separating, preparing, and transformation of objects and actions. Events that arise can be captured in his mind.
  • 12-19 years (Formal Operational) 
Piaget, Adolescence, they are able to think systematically any reasonable relationship to the problem. Capable to think abstract and ideal, and his thinking process itself.
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5 Perspectives in understanding the Human Development

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1. Psychodynamic Perspective (Sigmund Freud) 
  • Developments is formed by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior 
  • People are born with a biological drive to be directed back to live in society
  • First 3 years is a critical stage of a person 
  • Personality is formed in the early childhood experiences 
  • Personality is formed from id, ego and superego are balanced and harmony. Id is the primitive instinct or impulse. The ego is getting the proper gratification. Superego is the consciousness or the value of the parent.
Freud's Psychosexual Stage
  1. Period of 0-12 months Oral satisfaction center on oral 
  2. Anal 18bln-3 th, satisfaction on hold or release 
  3. Phallic 3-6th, sticky with similar parent 
  4. Latensy 6th-puberty-interested in opposite gender 
  5. Genital, puberty to adulthood, sexual maturity
2. Learning perspective 
is a perspective that gives attention to the behavior observed, emphasizing the influence of the environment help explain the cultural and behavior differences. This theory is part of a behavior perspective.

3. Cognitive perspective
-Children's cognitive development as a product of an effort to understand and act in the world
-Humans are reasonable beings who act and feel with a very complex cognitive processes and extraordinary
-Each stimulus is not always respond the same because of differences in cognitive development.
 

4. Perspective of Evolutionary / Sociobiological
-Evolutionary principle is natural selection, unconsciously people are not only struggling to survive but also to perpetuate their genetic heritage
-Sosiobilogis, developmental perspective that emphasizes the biological basis of social behavior

5. Contextual perspective
Developments which saw a notice that the individual can not be separated from social context.

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Cognitive Processes ( memory, thinking, language, intelligence and problem solving)

Posted by Unknown On Jumat, 23 Desember 2011 0 komentar

Cognitive is the whole process of property (as the perception, memory, thinking, and language) through which an information is obtained, modified, stored, retrieved, and used.
Cognitive processes include:
  • Memory 
  • Thinking 
  • Language 
  • Problem Solving 
  • Intelligence
MEMORY
Memory is process to enter, store and retrieve back information and experience we get.
Three processes of memory include :

-Process of acquisition
-Process of storage
-Process of remembering or
recall
Stages of memory 
Information-sensory memory - short term memory - long term memory.
a. Sensory memory or Sensory register is the first phase of memory in a short time who maintain an accurate   description of each of the sensory experience until it can be processed. If no processed, it will not reach the STM and LTM.
b. Short-term memory (STM) is the second stage of memory where as many as about 5 to 9 information can be stored for a period of time.This memory lasts only a few seconds - ½ minutes, unless the 'refurbished'. Updated by the way repetition (rehearsal). Type the information in STM include, smell perfume, melody notation, taste the fruit, nose shape, position of fingers on guitar strings, lists of names, etc.
c. Long-term memory (LTM) is the third stage of memory storage that includes much of the information is maintained for long periods of time. if STM is physical info (what we see, do, taste, touch, hear), LTM is the info in the form of meaning.
The types of LTM is :
  • Declarative memory is memory that contains factual information which consists of episodic memory and semantic memory. Episodic memory is the memory of specific experiences that relate to space and time. Whereas, semantic memory is the memory of the meaning that is not related to time and place of study. 
  • Procedural memory is memory that contains information related to the skills and habits of doing things. Example: the memory of wudlu procedure
Theory Of Forgetfulness
-Theory atrophy (decay theory) 
According to this theory, forgetting occurs because information is previously saved never raised again so that  the memory trace to be damaged or missing.
-Theory Of Interference
According to this theory, the information stored is not lost. Forgetting occurs because the information available inhibit each other or mixed. Interfernsi there are two kinds, that is:
a. proactive interference (old information inhibits new information)
b. Retroactive interference (inhibit new information old information)

-Retrieval Failure Theory
According to this theory, forgetting occurs if not found enough clues to retrieve the information once stored in memory. 
-Theory Of Reconstruction
According to this theory, forgetting occurs because of changes in the memory structure that makes it inaccurate when raised (memory becomes simpler, more consistent, and more congruent with what has individually know and trust).
-Forgetting Motivated
According to this theory, forgetting occurs because of lack of motivation or effort to forget things or unpleasant events (repression, Freud).

-Forgotten because of physiological reasons (memory dysfunction)
forgetfulness due to physiological factors (aging process or the process of brain and nerve cell degeneration, chemical processes).

Forgotten because of memory dysfunction include:
  • Retrograde amnesia, that is forget the information that was then. For example: forget his own name, home address 
  • Anterograd amnesia, forgetting that is the information you just entered. For example: forget that just ate. 
  • Alzheimer's disease, forgetting for the progressive brain damage from lack of the neurotransmitter substance so called Ach (Acetylcholine) 
  • Korsakoff syndrome, forgetting for drinking alcohol in the long term so that deficiency of vitamin B1
 THINKING
The function of thinking :
  • Produce something new 
  • Decision-making 
  • Problem Solving
Barriers in thinking :
  • Cling to the old thoughts 
  • Not enough data 
  • An emotional bias and a priori
 Types of thinking :
1. Autistic thinking (daydreaming, not directional and do not have a specific purpose).
2. Thinking of realistic include:
  • Deductive reasoning 
  • Thinking inductive 
  • Evaluative thinking 
  • Thinking analogy
  • Thinking syllogism
 

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Psychology of Child Development

Posted by Unknown On Senin, 19 Desember 2011 0 komentar

Psychology is the study of human behavior whether overt and covert behavior. While developmental psychology is the psychological processes related to human development from conception until her death in.
The basic concept of the development include:
- Continuity
- Individual Differences
- Sources of growth
.
Psychology of child development emphasize the attention on thepattern of development and focus on individual development, for example, how children learn to talk. In addition, the psychology of child development emphasize the role of environment andexperience with tujun to find any characteristic changes in the age,behavior, interests, etc. 
Conditions that affect the initial basis of child development include:
- Good interpersonal relationships
- The state of emotion
- Methods to train children
- The role of early
- The structure of the family in childhood
- Stimulation of the environment
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Early Adulthood

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Early adulthood is a situation where an individual has completed its growth and ready toaccept the position in society with other adults, Hurlock (1990). Erickson said that a personwho is classified in early adulthood are in a stage of a relationship warm, close andcommunicative with or do not involve sexual contact. When it fails in the form of intimacy he will have what is called isolation (feel excluded from others, lonely, blame yourself because it is different with others).
Meanwhile, according to our group, early adulthood is a period where a person is required to become an independent person and responsible either for himself or others. In early adulthood this person starts to have a desire to separate from parents, forming a familythrough marriage, began to think about work or career and think about life for the future. In addition, at this time a person is also required to be creative. However, early adulthood is also not immune from crises related to either partner, career, and life in the future.
Crisis related to a spouse.
When someone decides to get married, then he must be ready to accept all theconsequences of his decision. Marriage is a bond that forms between the men and women in which there are elements of intimacy, passion, commitment. Marriage is also the beginning of family formation by the union of two individuals of the opposite sex andbirth of children. According to the theory put forward by Huvigurst (in Hurlock, 1990) which states that the task of development that was characteristic of early adulthood is to beginchoosing a spouse and start working. But there is a crisis when a person decides tochoose a life partner. Usually a person who is in early adulthood will feel a dilemma whenher husband asked her to become a housewife taking care of children and serving her husband every day. The crisis of this kind of crisis often occurs in a person at this earlyadulthood. In addition, sometimes a person also did not feel free and be disturbed whenhe had to live with in-laws. Disharmony between the wife's communication with the mother-in-law will make it feel too isolate.
 Crisis-Related CareersOne task the development of a person who has entered early adulthood is entering theworld of work and career. In the course of this phase, one ditunutut to be able to determinethe right career path for him. An individual in living his life in the middle of this phase are expected to have a decent job and guarantee. Young adulthood is a time to reach peak performance. Someone at this time to work hard and compete with colleagues to achievethe feat. But too often a person feels to feel pressured by the demands of work in which they live. They are usually less faithful or loyal to the company are low and tend to look forother jobs that are considered more satisfactory and more able to ensure the continuationof his life. He sometimes feel dissatisfied with the work that he lived on the grounds of things. Among them are due to low salaries, no rhythm in working with employers, the skillsand the kind of work do not fit, and others. Therefore, before a person enters the world of work, he should be able to adapt to its environment. Then adjust the skill he possessed to employment that is available so that future crises do not happen that make her feelpressured and uncomfortable with the job.
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Notion the Relationship Between Religion and State

Posted by Unknown On Minggu, 18 Desember 2011 0 komentar

According to notion Theocracy, the relationship between religion and state are inseparable. Government in this understanding is run based on the words of God. The government is believed to be the authority of God. The existence of the country in this world is God's will, and therefore the rule is God too.
According to notion Secularism, the relationship between religion and state can not be united because the country is a matter of human relationships with other human beings, whereas religion is human affairs by God. Nevertheless, the secular state to free its citizens to embrace whatever religion they believe, but the state does not intervene in religious affairs.
According to the notion of Communism, the relationship between religion and state is based on the philosophy of dialectical materialism and historical materialism. notion mentions that man is a man of the world community itself which then produces the state. While religion is seen as the fantastic realization of human beings, and religion is being oppressed complaint
According to notion Islamic, the relationship between religion and state are inseparable. Islam is the religion of the plenary, which includes everything, including the country's problems. Therefore, religion can not be separated from the state, and state affairs are matters of religion.
In my opinion, understand the most appropriate is to notion Islam between religion and state because it is a unity that can not be separated. We can not live without the existence of a state religion which we believe will be watching every action we take. Although Islam does not cover everything, however, already includes a set of Islamic principles and ethical values ​​of community life, including the state.
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Theories About the Elderly

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1. Free Radical Theory
According to this theory the cells in the body damaged by the continuous attacks of the particle chemical oxygen free radicals, the oxygen molecule that has a 1 (one) or more electrons, which are not paired, so it is very radical and reactive. As a result the cells become damaged so that the network-forming organs became damaged, and from which emerged a wide range of diseases, due to the decline of organ function that we are familiar with the degenerative disease. The source of free radicals from factors internal or sourced from within ourselves, among others: Stress, depression, Demas, inflammation and wounds, excessive tired of work and excessive exercise and normal metabolism in the body. While the free radical external factors include: pollution from either plant or cigarette smoke that we breathe, also of drugs, chemotherapy, pesticides, insextisida, herbicides, food, X-rays or X-rays, bacteria, viruses, etc.. Due to the attack of free radicals is menyebabkaan variety of diseases including: diabetes, stroke, kidney failure, arthritis, cancer, heart disease, skin problems, and still so much to others

2. Wear and Damage Theory
According to this theory the body and the cells will be damaged because a lot of unused and used continuously and throughout life will lead to excessive body becomes weak and will be damaged and eventually die. Organs such as liver, kidney, stomach, skin will decrease its function due to toxins in our food and our environment that we face every day.

3. Neuroendocrine theory
This theory describes the "Use Damage" by focusing on the neuroendocrine system, complex biochemical networks that regulate the release of hormones and vital elements of the body. When young, our hormones work together to regulate various body functions, including our response to heat, cold and our sexual activity. Gland nuts for this lies in the brain and is responsible for complex hormonal chain reaction which is known by another name "body thermostat". Hormones are essential functions to improve and regulate body functions. Along with age, the body produces the hormones in the lower levels and can cause harmful effects, including decreased ability to repair the body and regulate the body. Hormone production is highly interactive, one drop of production of any hormone will affect the overall mechanism, for example; convey signals to other organs to release other hormones in the lower levels so that the other body parts will also release the hormone in the lower levels.

4. Genetic Control Theory
The theory centers on aging-planned according to our DNA genetic program. We are born with a unique genetic code, a tendency of physical and mental function type that had been predetermined. The genetic inheritance determine how fast and how long we live. If using a rough, can be thought of every human being is present in the earth like a machine that has been programmed to destroy itself. Everyone has a biological clock is ticking and can quit anytime, faster or longer several years. When the clock stops ticking, it is a sign that our bodies begin to age and eventually die. However, according to all aspects of our genetic heritage, which applies at the time of this genetic vary, depending on what we have experienced during its growth and how our lifestyle.
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Psychology Elderly

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What Do You Think About Elderly???
The process of aging (elderly) is a natural process that is accompanied by an impairment of physical condition, psychological and social interaction are interrelated with each other. The situation is likely to potentially cause health problems in general or specifically the mental health of the elderly. the study of all aspects and problems of the elderly, covering aspects of physiological, psychological, social, cultural, economic and others called the Gerontology.
Mental health problems in the elderly as well as health problems that are discussed in patients Psikogeriatri Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, which is part of.
Geriatrics is the branch of medicine that studies issues related to health in the elderly promotof aspects, preventive, curative and rehabilitative and psychosocial services that accompany the life of the elderly. While Psikogeriatri is the branch of medical science that studies life in elderly mental health problems related to aspects promotof, preventive, curative and rehabilitative and psychosocial services that accompany the life of the elderly.
There are several factors that greatly influence the psychology of the elderly. These factors should be addressed wisely so that the elderly can enjoy their life happily. As for some of the factors facing the elderly is greatly affecting their mental health are as follows:
1. Decrease in Physical Condition
After entering a period of elderly people generally begin to feel a presence of a physical condition that is pathological multiple (multiple pathology), such as reduced energy, decreased energy, the more wrinkled skin, the more teeth fall out, the more brittle bones, and so on. In general physical condition of a person who has entered a period of elderly decline exponentially. This can all cause interference or physical dysfunction, psychological or social, which in turn can cause a state of dependence on others.

2. Decrease Sexual Function and Potential
Decreased sexual function and potency in the elderly is often associated with various physical disorders such as cardiovascular disorders, metabolic disorders, eg diabetes millitus, vaginitis, recently completed operations: for example, prostatectomy, malnutrition, due to imperfect digestion or appetite is less, the use of certain drugs, such as antihypertensives, steroids, tranquilizers.

3. Psychosocial Aspects of Change
In general, when people entered the elderly then it decreased cognitive and psychomotor function. Cognitive functions including learning, perception, comprehension, understanding, attention and others that cause the reactions and behavior of the elderly becomes increasingly slow. While psychomotor function (conative) covering things related to the will of encouragement such as movement, action, coordination, resulting in that the elderly become less nimble.
With a decrease in both functions, the elderly also experience changes in the psychosocial aspects of personality associated with the state of elderly

4. Changes Relating to Employment
In general, these changes when retirement begins. Although the pension is the ideal destination for the elderly can enjoy old-age or old age, but in reality often means the opposite, because retirement is often interpreted as a loss of income, status, position, roles, activities, status and dignity. The reaction of people entering retirement after more depending on the model of personality.

5. Changes In Social Role in Society
Due to the reduced function of the sense of hearing, sight, physical movement and so it appears functional impairment or even disability in the elderly. For example, his body became bent, greatly diminished hearing, blurred vision and so forth so often lead to alienation. It should be prevented by always invite them to do the activity, as long as he is still capable, so as not to feel isolated or alienated. Because if the alienation occurs will increasingly refuse to communicate with others and continue to appear occasionally
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