Tampilkan postingan dengan label general psychology. Tampilkan semua postingan
Tampilkan postingan dengan label general psychology. Tampilkan semua postingan
Social psychology is the branch of psychology that studies the interaction of individuals with other individuals
Social influences result in the group
Two main factors responsible for the group's ability to change individual behavior:
- Diffusion of responsibility
- Behavior of individuals in the group affected by the process of modeling
NORMS
Norms are a set of rules that apply in the community that provide limits for individual behavior. In the context of the group, the norm is a rule that applied or applicable to all members of the group.
CONFORMITY
Conformity is the result of pressure groups although there was no direct request to comply.
Arise when individuals adopt attitudes / behaviors of others because of pressure from their real or imaginary.
PERSUASI
Persuasion is the process of changing the attitudes of other individuals through the arguments and other means. Persuasive communication is not dependent on whether or not a logical argument → logic is only one of the least important factor!
socialThe quality of persuasive communication depends on the general categories of: characteristics of the speaker, message, channel, and the listener.
1.James Lange Theory (William James, 1890 and Carl Lange, 1922)
Generally, emotion: stimulus → fear (emotion) → shaking
According to James-Lange: contrary.
Stimulus → thalamus (sensory relay center) → → hypothalamus bodily reactions (shaking) → → cortex emotion (fear). That is, the emotions as a result of physiological reactions that arise due to the stimulus that we receive from the environment.
Critics Darr Walter Cannon (1927):
Experiment: disconnection of nerve intercessory info body's reaction to the cortex → who experienced normal emotional reaction
Physical reaction to some emotions are relatively the same, how do I differentiate?
Internal organs to respond relatively slowly to raise the required reaction.
Experiments: injection of the hormone adrenaline → trigger physical reactions but caused no emotion.
Generally, emotion: stimulus → fear (emotion) → shaking
According to James-Lange: contrary.
Stimulus → thalamus (sensory relay center) → → hypothalamus bodily reactions (shaking) → → cortex emotion (fear). That is, the emotions as a result of physiological reactions that arise due to the stimulus that we receive from the environment.
Critics Darr Walter Cannon (1927):
Experiment: disconnection of nerve intercessory info body's reaction to the cortex → who experienced normal emotional reaction
Physical reaction to some emotions are relatively the same, how do I differentiate?
Internal organs to respond relatively slowly to raise the required reaction.
Experiments: injection of the hormone adrenaline → trigger physical reactions but caused no emotion.
2.Cannon-Bard theory
Experience emotional and physical reactions occur simultaneously and are two independent events.
Stimulus → thalamus → (cortex → emotion (fear) and hypothalamus → tremble (physical reaction).
Experience emotional and physical reactions occur simultaneously and are two independent events.
Stimulus → thalamus → (cortex → emotion (fear) and hypothalamus → tremble (physical reaction).
3.Cognitive Theories
- Arnold-Ellis
Emotional reaction depends on the cognitive interpretation of the stimulus situation.
Stimulus → thalamus → cortex - hypothalamus → physical reactions. - Schachter-Singer's two-factor theory of emotion
Emotional reaction depends on the cognitive interpretation of stimuli and reactions to situations physiological / behavioral
Stimulus → thalamus → cortex,-- hypothalamus → cortex physical reactions.
Emotions are positive and negative feelings who come from situations / stimuli that affect the individual.
Evans (1989): the feeling that involves a mix of physical reactions (ex: heart rate increases), conscious experience (ex: fall in love), who looks and behavior (ex: a smile)
So, the elements include emotion, stimulus, conscious experience, physical reactions, and behaviors.
Evans (1989): the feeling that involves a mix of physical reactions (ex: heart rate increases), conscious experience (ex: fall in love), who looks and behavior (ex: a smile)
So, the elements include emotion, stimulus, conscious experience, physical reactions, and behaviors.
Factors affecting the emotional
- Individual's physical state (ex: pain, lbh sensitive feelings)
- The ground state of individual / private structure of the individual (eg, irritability org yg)
- Individual circumstances at a time (temporary) for example: people who are normal people frantically VS.
Types of Emotions:
Basic human emotions (Rene Descartes, 1596-1650):- love
- excitement
- desire
- hate
- sad
- amazed
- Negative or positive
- Primary or mixed
- Some who are polar opposite
- its intensity varies
Eight primary emotions: acceptance, fear, surprise, Sadness, disgust, anger, Anticipation, joy.
8 mixture of emotions:
Several opposite emotions. Ex: love> <sorry, optimistic> <disappointment, sadness> <joy, etc.
Process Emotions
- Love (joy + acceptance)
- Adherent (reception + fear)
- Awe (fear + surprise)
- Disappointed (shocked anguish +)
- Remorse (sadness + disgust)
- Contempt (anger + disgust)
- Aggressiveness (anger anticipation +)
- Optimism (anticipation + joy
Several opposite emotions. Ex: love> <sorry, optimistic> <disappointment, sadness> <joy, etc.
Process Emotions
Emotional reactions involving cognitive, physiological, and behavioral.
-Cognitive form of thoughts, impressions, memories, interpretations. The situation can lead to pleasure, or distress, depending on how the assessments and individual meanings.
-Physiological, emotional interaction with the limbic system, cerebral cortex, autonomic nervous system, and the hormonal (endocrine). Cerebral cortex associated with the hypothalamus, amygdala and other limbic system structures. The ability to regulate emotions depends pd function is located in the prefrontal cortex blkg forehead. The amygdala function as an early warning system will be a threatening situation.
Real behavior, emotional displays of angry, sad, fearful, or happy. Ex: facial expression.
-Physiological, emotional interaction with the limbic system, cerebral cortex, autonomic nervous system, and the hormonal (endocrine). Cerebral cortex associated with the hypothalamus, amygdala and other limbic system structures. The ability to regulate emotions depends pd function is located in the prefrontal cortex blkg forehead. The amygdala function as an early warning system will be a threatening situation.
Real behavior, emotional displays of angry, sad, fearful, or happy. Ex: facial expression.
WHAT IS
PERSONALITY ?
Persona → a Latin word for mask.
So the persona is the mask you put on before you show yourself to the outside world
So the persona is the mask you put on before you show yourself to the outside world
Definition of personality
-Warren & Carmichael, 1930 : “Personality
is the entire mental organization of a human being at any stage of his development. It embraces every phase of human character: intellect,
temperament, skill, morality, and every attitude that has been built up in the
course of one's life.”
-Hall & Lindzey, 1957, characterizing statements by Gordon Allport : “Personality is the essence of a human being.
-Mayer, 2005 : “An individual's pattern
of psychological processes arising from motives, feelings, thoughts,
and other
major areas of psychological function. Personality is expressed through its
influences on the body,
in conscious mental life, and through the individual's
social behavior.”
-Schultz, 1986 : “Personality as an
enduring and unique cluster of characteristics that nevertheless may change in
response to different situation.
Epps is one of the tools that are frequently used personality tests in recruitment of prospective employees known as the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (Epps). In apsychological test or psychological tests, the tool is often the one that is used to measure(reveal) 15 motives / personal needs (typical) over 225 items in pairs.
You will be be asked to choose the most appropriate with yourself. In short, you can look at15 needs to be disclosed in the following Epps:
• Achievement: the need for a job well / optimal
• Deference: the need to comply with / conform to the norm or postpone
• Order: the need to make the planning and management (regular)
• Exhibition: the need to be the center of attention in the group
• Autonomy: the need to have autonomy over their own responsibilities and obligations
• Affiliation: the need to establish social interactions inherent
• Intraception: need to analyze the behavior or feelings of others
• Succorance: the need to receive support from others
• Dominance: the need to lead and influence others
• Abasement: the need to accept and acknowledge the mistakes of others
• Nurturance: the need to help others
• Change: the need to seek new experiences and to avoid routine
• Endurance: the need to complete a task (endurance)
• Heterosexuality: the need to interact with the opposite sex
• Aggression: the need for expression and critical of others
Epps results of will form a graph that shows whether you have a strong tendency on the needs of achievement, nurturance, endurance or the other. From here, of course you can already predict, majoring in ITB A need people like what? For the scope of techniques,usually required of people who have strong endurance, achievement (if it all), autonomy, order. Some 225 items intended to get a picture of your personality.Epps
Cognitive is the whole process of property (as the perception, memory, thinking, and language) through which an information is obtained, modified, stored, retrieved, and used.
Cognitive processes include:
- Memory
- Thinking
- Language
- Problem Solving
- Intelligence
Memory is process to enter, store and retrieve back information and experience we get.
Three processes of memory include :
-Process of acquisition
-Process of storage
-Process of remembering or recall
Stages of memory
Information-sensory memory - short term memory - long term memory.
a. Sensory memory or Sensory register is the first phase of memory in a short time who maintain an accurate description of each of the sensory experience until it can be processed. If no processed, it will not reach the STM and LTM.
b. Short-term memory (STM) is the second stage of memory where as many as about 5 to 9 information can be stored for a period of time.This memory lasts only a few seconds - ½ minutes, unless the 'refurbished'. Updated by the way repetition (rehearsal). Type the information in STM include, smell perfume, melody notation, taste the fruit, nose shape, position of fingers on guitar strings, lists of names, etc.
c. Long-term memory (LTM) is the third stage of memory storage that includes much of the information is maintained for long periods of time. if STM is physical info (what we see, do, taste, touch, hear), LTM is the info in the form of meaning.
The types of LTM is :
- Declarative memory is memory that contains factual information which consists of episodic memory and semantic memory. Episodic memory is the memory of specific experiences that relate to space and time. Whereas, semantic memory is the memory of the meaning that is not related to time and place of study.
- Procedural memory is memory that contains information related to the skills and habits of doing things. Example: the memory of wudlu procedure.
Theory Of Forgetfulness
-Theory atrophy (decay theory)
According to this theory, forgetting occurs because information is previously saved never raised again so that the memory trace to be damaged or missing.
-Theory Of Interference
According to this theory, the information stored is not lost. Forgetting occurs because the information available inhibit each other or mixed. Interfernsi there are two kinds, that is:
a. proactive interference (old information inhibits new information)
b. Retroactive interference (inhibit new information old information)
-Retrieval Failure Theory
According to this theory, forgetting occurs if not found enough clues to retrieve the information once stored in memory.
According to this theory, the information stored is not lost. Forgetting occurs because the information available inhibit each other or mixed. Interfernsi there are two kinds, that is:
a. proactive interference (old information inhibits new information)
b. Retroactive interference (inhibit new information old information)
-Retrieval Failure Theory
According to this theory, forgetting occurs if not found enough clues to retrieve the information once stored in memory.
-Theory Of Reconstruction
According to this theory, forgetting occurs because of changes in the memory structure that makes it inaccurate when raised (memory becomes simpler, more consistent, and more congruent with what has individually know and trust).-Forgetting Motivated
According to this theory, forgetting occurs because of lack of motivation or effort to forget things or unpleasant events (repression, Freud).
-Forgotten because of physiological reasons (memory dysfunction)
forgetfulness due to physiological factors (aging process or the process of brain and nerve cell degeneration, chemical processes).
Forgotten because of memory dysfunction include:
- Retrograde amnesia, that is forget the information that was then. For example: forget his own name, home address
- Anterograd amnesia, forgetting that is the information you just entered. For example: forget that just ate.
- Alzheimer's disease, forgetting for the progressive brain damage from lack of the neurotransmitter substance so called Ach (Acetylcholine)
- Korsakoff syndrome, forgetting for drinking alcohol in the long term so that deficiency of vitamin B1
The function of thinking :
- Produce something new
- Decision-making
- Problem Solving
- Cling to the old thoughts
- Not enough data
- An emotional bias and a priori
1. Autistic thinking (daydreaming, not directional and do not have a specific purpose).
2. Thinking of realistic include:
- Deductive reasoning
- Thinking inductive
- Evaluative thinking
- Thinking analogy
- Thinking syllogism
Descriptive Methods
Is the simplest method in the study. There are three methods you can use, that is the survey method, naturalistic observation, and the clinical method.
- Survey Method ( Survey Method) is a research method that uses interviews and questionnaires to individuals in a community. (Lahey, 2000).
- Natural Observation is a method of recording behavioral research that appears in the setting of natural life. (Lahey, 2000).
- Clinical Methods (Clinical Method) is observed when the individual receiving psychological help from a psychologist (Lahey, 2000).
Correlational Methods
- To predict the behavior and mental processes requires knowledge of the relationship between two or more psychological variables.
- Variables are factors that numerical values can vary or be changed.
- Correlational methods examine the relationship between the variables, measures the strength of the relationship between the variables. In the correlation method, the relationship does not equal cause and effect.
Experimental Methods
- The research method allows researchers to manipulate the independent variable (independet variable) in order to study their effects on dependent variables
- Independent variable is a variable that quantitative values can be controlled freely by researchers, while the dependent variable is a variable whose values depend on the quantitative effects of independent variables.
- Allow researchers to make cause and effect conclusions.
In the psychology there are ethical principles of professional psychology, which include:
Ethical Principles of Psychological Research
- Beneficence, the intention is to try to provide benefits to other.
- Responsibility, the intention is to do the task in a professional manner with full awareness.
- Integrity, the intention is honest and accurate.
- Respect, the intention is respect for the dignity and right to confidentiality of client problems.
- Justice, the intention is to increase the access of all people to gain knowledge of psychology.
Ethical Principles of Psychological Research
- freedom from coercion means that researchers should not force the candidates to follow research participants. for example: forcing a college student to participate as a condition of university research.
- Informed Consent means that researchers must explain the outline of research before the participants expressed their willingness. for example, researchers explained the purpose and procedures of the study.
The scientific principles in psychology include
b) collection of evidence
c) Two approaches to understanding the behavior
d) Making the definition and measure behavior
Scientific Attitude consists of:
- curiosity
- skepticism
- open-mindedness
stages of scientific
