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Tampilkan postingan dengan label psychology. Tampilkan semua postingan
Theory of Personality is Very Diverse
The existence of different points of view, so there is no comprehensive theory of personality that is very
Not an exact science, so there is no theory that the right / best one. Each theory has its advantages and disadvantages.
Not an exact science, so there is no theory that the right / best one. Each theory has its advantages and disadvantages.
Why are so various theories of personality?
- Personality is a complex matter
- Of differences in historical background and personality of the originator of the theory
- Personality is a science that is still relatively "young"
- Of differences in historical background and personality of the originator of the theory
- Personality is a science that is still relatively "young"
What is personality?
Personality is the entire mental organization of a human being at any stage of his development. It embraces every phase of human character: intellect, temperament, skill, morality, and every attitude That has been built up in the course of one's life. "(Warren & Carmichael, 1930)
"Personality is the essence of a human being." (Hall & Lindzey, 1957, characterizing statements by Gordon Allport)
"An individual's pattern of psychological processes arising from motives, feelings, thoughts, and other major areas of psychological function. Personality is expressed through its influences on the body, in conscious mental life, and through the individual's social behavior." (Mayer, 2005)
Personality as an enduring and unique cluster of characteristics may nevertheless That change in response to different situation (Schultz, 1986).
"Personality is the essence of a human being." (Hall & Lindzey, 1957, characterizing statements by Gordon Allport)
"An individual's pattern of psychological processes arising from motives, feelings, thoughts, and other major areas of psychological function. Personality is expressed through its influences on the body, in conscious mental life, and through the individual's social behavior." (Mayer, 2005)
Personality as an enduring and unique cluster of characteristics may nevertheless That change in response to different situation (Schultz, 1986).
Assessment / Measurement of Personality
Personality assessment as one of the main area of application of psychology in the real world.
-Clinical psychologist trying to distinguish between normal people with abnormal personality traits and try to evaluate his client to understand the symptoms and feelings. Through proper personality assessment clinical psychologist can determine the best therapy for her clients.
-Educational psychologists to assess personality to determine the adjustment or learning difficulties of students.
-Industrial psychologists to assess personality to help determine the right candidates, match between job requirements with the needs and interests of prospective employees.
-Clinical psychologist trying to distinguish between normal people with abnormal personality traits and try to evaluate his client to understand the symptoms and feelings. Through proper personality assessment clinical psychologist can determine the best therapy for her clients.
-Educational psychologists to assess personality to determine the adjustment or learning difficulties of students.
-Industrial psychologists to assess personality to help determine the right candidates, match between job requirements with the needs and interests of prospective employees.
Assessment / Measurement of Personality required to:
- Standardization: the consistency and uniformity of the conditions and procedure of measuring instruments
- Reliability: there is consistency of subject response to the measure (steady)
- Validity: The measurement technique should actually measure what you want to measure
What Consciousness?
Consciousness is state of awareness (Lahey, 1986)
Consciousness is awareness, of both external and internal stimuli or events (Santrock,1991)
Direct Consciousness, has the following characteristics:
awareness flowing from one thought to another, from emotion to an annoying itch, and back to memories of the past.
Daydream
daydreaming is a period of thinking that is directed and focused, contains the imaginary ones that are not bound by the terms of the logical or might happen.
daydreaming is a combination of directed consciousness with a dream state of consciousness in the wake up.
Consciousness is state of awareness (Lahey, 1986)
Consciousness is awareness, of both external and internal stimuli or events (Santrock,1991)
- External stimuli is everything that comes from outside ourselves. for example: light, sound, etc.
- Internal stimuli is everything that comes from within, for example: sensations, thoughts, feelings, consciousness itself.
- awareness of self and the environment from time to time, associated with selective atention.
- Is subjective and privacy
- dynamic
- Self-reflective and self-centered
Direct Consciousness, has the following characteristics:
- Vigilance is focused under the command and one lane
- Happen during the absorbing intellectual activity awareness, emotions, and sensations of intense
awareness flowing from one thought to another, from emotion to an annoying itch, and back to memories of the past.
Daydream
daydreaming is a period of thinking that is directed and focused, contains the imaginary ones that are not bound by the terms of the logical or might happen.
daydreaming is a combination of directed consciousness with a dream state of consciousness in the wake up.
According to Thorndike, learning is a process of interaction between stimulus and response.
Thorndike's famous learning of law is:
Thorndike's famous learning of law is:
- Law of effect is if effect a satisfactory response then the relationship between stimulus and response will be stronger. Instead, if the response is not satisfactory effect the relationship between stimulus and response will be weakened.
- Law of excercise is relationship between stimulus and response will be more closely if often trained.
- Law of readiness is the readiness refers to the assumption of that satisfaction is come from the utilization of organisms introductory unit, which these units provide a boost to the organism to take action or not.
Psychodynamic Perspective
Psychodynamic perspective is a perspective that emphasizes that the emergence of a behavior is influenced by the id, ego, and superego.
In which id is the impulse, ego satisfaction is properly, and superego are the norms that come from parents.
Besides id.ego, and superego that affect human behavior, according to Sigmund Freud was also influenced by the behavior of a person's subconscious. Psychodynamic
Theories of Sigmund Freud's id, ego, and superego much opposed by figures of psychology because truth is difficult to be tested.
Psychodynamic perspective is the perspective which first appeared
Clasical Conditioning suggested by Ivan Pavlop
Clasiscal Conditioning found incidentally by Russian physiologist of the 19th century, Ivan Pavlov.
Pavlov observe the release of saliva in dogs in response to being fed when she realized that her dogs are always drooling every time Pavlov entered the room.
According to Ivan Pavlov studied behavior by exploiting the relationship between stimulus and response is an innate reflex.
A stimulus that gave rise to a particular response is paired with another stimulus is operated at the same time to bring up the reflex response.
Pavlov observe the release of saliva in dogs in response to being fed when she realized that her dogs are always drooling every time Pavlov entered the room.
According to Ivan Pavlov studied behavior by exploiting the relationship between stimulus and response is an innate reflex.
A stimulus that gave rise to a particular response is paired with another stimulus is operated at the same time to bring up the reflex response.
Operant conditioning suggested by BF Skinner
According to BF Skinner, the behavior of individuals established or maintained is determined by the consequences that accompany it.
If someone gets the reward of his behavior, so behavior will be retained. However, if someone gets a punishment for his behavior, the behavior likely be discontinued. For example: A person who obtained an A in the exam, then his friends praised him, so the behavior is likely be repeated, otherwise if someone disturbing his friend then he gets punished for his behavior so behavior will be terminated.
According to BF Skinner, the behavior of individuals established or maintained is determined by the consequences that accompany it.
If someone gets the reward of his behavior, so behavior will be retained. However, if someone gets a punishment for his behavior, the behavior likely be discontinued. For example: A person who obtained an A in the exam, then his friends praised him, so the behavior is likely be repeated, otherwise if someone disturbing his friend then he gets punished for his behavior so behavior will be terminated.
Behavior Figure
B.F. Skinner is the figure man who pioneered the Behaviorism, who was born in a small town, in 1904 and grew up in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, by his father who seorag environmental lawyer in a warm and harmonious family. As an Undergraduate student, Skinner enrolled at the Faculty of English Literature and want to be a writer. B.F. Skinner meolak all existing personality theories, psychology he is not ready (not yet have a sufficient factual data) to build a theory of personality that covers everything. He did not specifically discuss the topic of personality, but simply make it as a label of certain aspects of behavior.
B.F. Skinner is the figure man who pioneered the Behaviorism, who was born in a small town, in 1904 and grew up in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, by his father who seorag environmental lawyer in a warm and harmonious family. As an Undergraduate student, Skinner enrolled at the Faculty of English Literature and want to be a writer. B.F. Skinner meolak all existing personality theories, psychology he is not ready (not yet have a sufficient factual data) to build a theory of personality that covers everything. He did not specifically discuss the topic of personality, but simply make it as a label of certain aspects of behavior.
