WHAT IS
PERSONALITY ?
Persona → a Latin word for mask.
So the persona is the mask you put on before you show yourself to the outside world
So the persona is the mask you put on before you show yourself to the outside world
Definition of personality
-Warren & Carmichael, 1930 : “Personality
is the entire mental organization of a human being at any stage of his development. It embraces every phase of human character: intellect,
temperament, skill, morality, and every attitude that has been built up in the
course of one's life.”
-Hall & Lindzey, 1957, characterizing statements by Gordon Allport : “Personality is the essence of a human being.
-Mayer, 2005 : “An individual's pattern
of psychological processes arising from motives, feelings, thoughts,
and other
major areas of psychological function. Personality is expressed through its
influences on the body,
in conscious mental life, and through the individual's
social behavior.”
-Schultz, 1986 : “Personality as an
enduring and unique cluster of characteristics that nevertheless may change in
response to different situation.
Epps is one of the tools that are frequently used personality tests in recruitment of prospective employees known as the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (Epps). In apsychological test or psychological tests, the tool is often the one that is used to measure(reveal) 15 motives / personal needs (typical) over 225 items in pairs.
You will be be asked to choose the most appropriate with yourself. In short, you can look at15 needs to be disclosed in the following Epps:
• Achievement: the need for a job well / optimal
• Deference: the need to comply with / conform to the norm or postpone
• Order: the need to make the planning and management (regular)
• Exhibition: the need to be the center of attention in the group
• Autonomy: the need to have autonomy over their own responsibilities and obligations
• Affiliation: the need to establish social interactions inherent
• Intraception: need to analyze the behavior or feelings of others
• Succorance: the need to receive support from others
• Dominance: the need to lead and influence others
• Abasement: the need to accept and acknowledge the mistakes of others
• Nurturance: the need to help others
• Change: the need to seek new experiences and to avoid routine
• Endurance: the need to complete a task (endurance)
• Heterosexuality: the need to interact with the opposite sex
• Aggression: the need for expression and critical of others
Epps results of will form a graph that shows whether you have a strong tendency on the needs of achievement, nurturance, endurance or the other. From here, of course you can already predict, majoring in ITB A need people like what? For the scope of techniques,usually required of people who have strong endurance, achievement (if it all), autonomy, order. Some 225 items intended to get a picture of your personality.Epps
1. Ages 0-1 years
- Smiling spontaneously
- Pay attention when his name is called
- Reacting to the word "no"
- Imitate simple actions another person
- Recognize yourself in the mirror or images
- Call themselves by names
- Playing himself, started his own game
- Imitate behavior of adults in the play
- Helped clear things
- Playing with other children
- Observing other children, joined briefly in their game
- Defending his own items
- Start playing house
- Symbolically uses objects and yourself in the game
- Participates in simple group activities (singing, dancing, clapping, dancing)
- Knowing the identity of sex (male and female)
- Come into play with other children begin to interact
- Entering the game together
- Start playing seseluruhan scene plays (runs, pretending to be a mother / father, playing house)
- Play and interact with other children
- Dramatic game was closer to the reality of reality. There are concerned about time, space and a small detail
- Show an interest in exploring gender differences
- Birth-2 years (sensorimotor)
6 Stage in the Development of Sensorimotor is :
1. 0-1 ½: The development of reflex; hold, see, suck
2. 1 ½ -4 months: behavior that is shown to enjoy yourself
3. 4-8 mths: learning environments reactions & changes
4. 8-12 months: The desire to get the effect of induced behavior (problem solving initial)
5. 12-18 months: Variations in problem solving, testing what caused
6. 18-24 mths: imagination & words on close objects, understanding the floating symbol & problem solving
- 2-6 years (Pre Operational)
- 6-12 years (Concrete Operational)
- 12-19 years (Formal Operational)
1. Psychodynamic Perspective (Sigmund Freud)
- Developments is formed by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior
- People are born with a biological drive to be directed back to live in society
- First 3 years is a critical stage of a person
- Personality is formed in the early childhood experiences
- Personality is formed from id, ego and superego are balanced and harmony. Id is the primitive instinct or impulse. The ego is getting the proper gratification. Superego is the consciousness or the value of the parent.
Freud's Psychosexual Stage
- Period of 0-12 months Oral satisfaction center on oral
- Anal 18bln-3 th, satisfaction on hold or release
- Phallic 3-6th, sticky with similar parent
- Latensy 6th-puberty-interested in opposite gender
- Genital, puberty to adulthood, sexual maturity
2. Learning perspective
is a perspective that gives attention to the behavior observed, emphasizing the influence of the environment help explain the cultural and behavior differences. This theory is part of a behavior perspective.
-Children's cognitive development as a product of an effort to understand and act in the world
-Humans are reasonable beings who act and feel with a very complex cognitive processes and extraordinary
-Each stimulus is not always respond the same because of differences in cognitive development.
-Humans are reasonable beings who act and feel with a very complex cognitive processes and extraordinary
-Each stimulus is not always respond the same because of differences in cognitive development.
4. Perspective of Evolutionary / Sociobiological
-Evolutionary principle is natural selection, unconsciously people are not only struggling to survive but also to perpetuate their genetic heritage
-Sosiobilogis, developmental perspective that emphasizes the biological basis of social behavior
-Sosiobilogis, developmental perspective that emphasizes the biological basis of social behavior
5. Contextual perspective
Developments which saw a notice that the individual can not be separated from social context.
Cognitive is the whole process of property (as the perception, memory, thinking, and language) through which an information is obtained, modified, stored, retrieved, and used.
Cognitive processes include:
- Memory
- Thinking
- Language
- Problem Solving
- Intelligence
Memory is process to enter, store and retrieve back information and experience we get.
Three processes of memory include :
-Process of acquisition
-Process of storage
-Process of remembering or recall
Stages of memory
Information-sensory memory - short term memory - long term memory.
a. Sensory memory or Sensory register is the first phase of memory in a short time who maintain an accurate description of each of the sensory experience until it can be processed. If no processed, it will not reach the STM and LTM.
b. Short-term memory (STM) is the second stage of memory where as many as about 5 to 9 information can be stored for a period of time.This memory lasts only a few seconds - ½ minutes, unless the 'refurbished'. Updated by the way repetition (rehearsal). Type the information in STM include, smell perfume, melody notation, taste the fruit, nose shape, position of fingers on guitar strings, lists of names, etc.
c. Long-term memory (LTM) is the third stage of memory storage that includes much of the information is maintained for long periods of time. if STM is physical info (what we see, do, taste, touch, hear), LTM is the info in the form of meaning.
The types of LTM is :
- Declarative memory is memory that contains factual information which consists of episodic memory and semantic memory. Episodic memory is the memory of specific experiences that relate to space and time. Whereas, semantic memory is the memory of the meaning that is not related to time and place of study.
- Procedural memory is memory that contains information related to the skills and habits of doing things. Example: the memory of wudlu procedure.
Theory Of Forgetfulness
-Theory atrophy (decay theory)
According to this theory, forgetting occurs because information is previously saved never raised again so that the memory trace to be damaged or missing.
-Theory Of Interference
According to this theory, the information stored is not lost. Forgetting occurs because the information available inhibit each other or mixed. Interfernsi there are two kinds, that is:
a. proactive interference (old information inhibits new information)
b. Retroactive interference (inhibit new information old information)
-Retrieval Failure Theory
According to this theory, forgetting occurs if not found enough clues to retrieve the information once stored in memory.
According to this theory, the information stored is not lost. Forgetting occurs because the information available inhibit each other or mixed. Interfernsi there are two kinds, that is:
a. proactive interference (old information inhibits new information)
b. Retroactive interference (inhibit new information old information)
-Retrieval Failure Theory
According to this theory, forgetting occurs if not found enough clues to retrieve the information once stored in memory.
-Theory Of Reconstruction
According to this theory, forgetting occurs because of changes in the memory structure that makes it inaccurate when raised (memory becomes simpler, more consistent, and more congruent with what has individually know and trust).-Forgetting Motivated
According to this theory, forgetting occurs because of lack of motivation or effort to forget things or unpleasant events (repression, Freud).
-Forgotten because of physiological reasons (memory dysfunction)
forgetfulness due to physiological factors (aging process or the process of brain and nerve cell degeneration, chemical processes).
Forgotten because of memory dysfunction include:
- Retrograde amnesia, that is forget the information that was then. For example: forget his own name, home address
- Anterograd amnesia, forgetting that is the information you just entered. For example: forget that just ate.
- Alzheimer's disease, forgetting for the progressive brain damage from lack of the neurotransmitter substance so called Ach (Acetylcholine)
- Korsakoff syndrome, forgetting for drinking alcohol in the long term so that deficiency of vitamin B1
The function of thinking :
- Produce something new
- Decision-making
- Problem Solving
- Cling to the old thoughts
- Not enough data
- An emotional bias and a priori
1. Autistic thinking (daydreaming, not directional and do not have a specific purpose).
2. Thinking of realistic include:
- Deductive reasoning
- Thinking inductive
- Evaluative thinking
- Thinking analogy
- Thinking syllogism
Psychology is the study of human behavior whether overt and covert behavior. While developmental psychology is the psychological processes related to human development from conception until her death in.
The basic concept of the development include:
- Continuity
- Individual Differences
- Sources of growth.
- Continuity
- Individual Differences
- Sources of growth.
Psychology of child development emphasize the attention on thepattern of development and focus on individual development, for example, how children learn to talk. In addition, the psychology of child development emphasize the role of environment andexperience with tujun to find any characteristic changes in the age,behavior, interests, etc.
Conditions that affect the initial basis of child development include:
- Good interpersonal relationships
- The state of emotion
- Methods to train children
- The role of early
- The structure of the family in childhood
- Stimulation of the environment
- The state of emotion
- Methods to train children
- The role of early
- The structure of the family in childhood
- Stimulation of the environment
