Social psychology is the branch of psychology that studies the interaction of individuals with other individuals
Social influences result in the group
Two main factors responsible for the group's ability to change individual behavior:
- Diffusion of responsibility
- Behavior of individuals in the group affected by the process of modeling
NORMS
Norms are a set of rules that apply in the community that provide limits for individual behavior. In the context of the group, the norm is a rule that applied or applicable to all members of the group.
CONFORMITY
Conformity is the result of pressure groups although there was no direct request to comply.
Arise when individuals adopt attitudes / behaviors of others because of pressure from their real or imaginary.
PERSUASI
Persuasion is the process of changing the attitudes of other individuals through the arguments and other means. Persuasive communication is not dependent on whether or not a logical argument → logic is only one of the least important factor!
socialThe quality of persuasive communication depends on the general categories of: characteristics of the speaker, message, channel, and the listener.
1.James Lange Theory (William James, 1890 and Carl Lange, 1922)
Generally, emotion: stimulus → fear (emotion) → shaking
According to James-Lange: contrary.
Stimulus → thalamus (sensory relay center) → → hypothalamus bodily reactions (shaking) → → cortex emotion (fear). That is, the emotions as a result of physiological reactions that arise due to the stimulus that we receive from the environment.
Critics Darr Walter Cannon (1927):
Experiment: disconnection of nerve intercessory info body's reaction to the cortex → who experienced normal emotional reaction
Physical reaction to some emotions are relatively the same, how do I differentiate?
Internal organs to respond relatively slowly to raise the required reaction.
Experiments: injection of the hormone adrenaline → trigger physical reactions but caused no emotion.
Generally, emotion: stimulus → fear (emotion) → shaking
According to James-Lange: contrary.
Stimulus → thalamus (sensory relay center) → → hypothalamus bodily reactions (shaking) → → cortex emotion (fear). That is, the emotions as a result of physiological reactions that arise due to the stimulus that we receive from the environment.
Critics Darr Walter Cannon (1927):
Experiment: disconnection of nerve intercessory info body's reaction to the cortex → who experienced normal emotional reaction
Physical reaction to some emotions are relatively the same, how do I differentiate?
Internal organs to respond relatively slowly to raise the required reaction.
Experiments: injection of the hormone adrenaline → trigger physical reactions but caused no emotion.
2.Cannon-Bard theory
Experience emotional and physical reactions occur simultaneously and are two independent events.
Stimulus → thalamus → (cortex → emotion (fear) and hypothalamus → tremble (physical reaction).
Experience emotional and physical reactions occur simultaneously and are two independent events.
Stimulus → thalamus → (cortex → emotion (fear) and hypothalamus → tremble (physical reaction).
3.Cognitive Theories
- Arnold-Ellis
Emotional reaction depends on the cognitive interpretation of the stimulus situation.
Stimulus → thalamus → cortex - hypothalamus → physical reactions. - Schachter-Singer's two-factor theory of emotion
Emotional reaction depends on the cognitive interpretation of stimuli and reactions to situations physiological / behavioral
Stimulus → thalamus → cortex,-- hypothalamus → cortex physical reactions.
Emotions are positive and negative feelings who come from situations / stimuli that affect the individual.
Evans (1989): the feeling that involves a mix of physical reactions (ex: heart rate increases), conscious experience (ex: fall in love), who looks and behavior (ex: a smile)
So, the elements include emotion, stimulus, conscious experience, physical reactions, and behaviors.
Evans (1989): the feeling that involves a mix of physical reactions (ex: heart rate increases), conscious experience (ex: fall in love), who looks and behavior (ex: a smile)
So, the elements include emotion, stimulus, conscious experience, physical reactions, and behaviors.
Factors affecting the emotional
- Individual's physical state (ex: pain, lbh sensitive feelings)
- The ground state of individual / private structure of the individual (eg, irritability org yg)
- Individual circumstances at a time (temporary) for example: people who are normal people frantically VS.
Types of Emotions:
Basic human emotions (Rene Descartes, 1596-1650):- love
- excitement
- desire
- hate
- sad
- amazed
- Negative or positive
- Primary or mixed
- Some who are polar opposite
- its intensity varies
Eight primary emotions: acceptance, fear, surprise, Sadness, disgust, anger, Anticipation, joy.
8 mixture of emotions:
Several opposite emotions. Ex: love> <sorry, optimistic> <disappointment, sadness> <joy, etc.
Process Emotions
- Love (joy + acceptance)
- Adherent (reception + fear)
- Awe (fear + surprise)
- Disappointed (shocked anguish +)
- Remorse (sadness + disgust)
- Contempt (anger + disgust)
- Aggressiveness (anger anticipation +)
- Optimism (anticipation + joy
Several opposite emotions. Ex: love> <sorry, optimistic> <disappointment, sadness> <joy, etc.
Process Emotions
Emotional reactions involving cognitive, physiological, and behavioral.
-Cognitive form of thoughts, impressions, memories, interpretations. The situation can lead to pleasure, or distress, depending on how the assessments and individual meanings.
-Physiological, emotional interaction with the limbic system, cerebral cortex, autonomic nervous system, and the hormonal (endocrine). Cerebral cortex associated with the hypothalamus, amygdala and other limbic system structures. The ability to regulate emotions depends pd function is located in the prefrontal cortex blkg forehead. The amygdala function as an early warning system will be a threatening situation.
Real behavior, emotional displays of angry, sad, fearful, or happy. Ex: facial expression.
-Physiological, emotional interaction with the limbic system, cerebral cortex, autonomic nervous system, and the hormonal (endocrine). Cerebral cortex associated with the hypothalamus, amygdala and other limbic system structures. The ability to regulate emotions depends pd function is located in the prefrontal cortex blkg forehead. The amygdala function as an early warning system will be a threatening situation.
Real behavior, emotional displays of angry, sad, fearful, or happy. Ex: facial expression.
The moral is an procedure, habits, customs.
The moral and power of thought / Cognitive are the ones who distinguishes man from other creatures.
The moral and power of thought / Cognitive are the ones who distinguishes man from other creatures.
Piaget's theory
- Moral understanding in children + 7 th of moral realism, moral as something absolute and unchanging.
- Behavior considered right and wrong, justice remains. Obedience is based solely on the consequences of action.
- In early adolescence, enter Moral Autonomus or morals as something relative to a specific situation
- Teenagers as a moral view of social agreement, the rules will change if the values change.
- True or false depending on the purpose and consequences.
Kohlberg's theory
- Pre-conventional: 1) compliance & reason fear the consequences of punishment 2) the reason the tool / intermediaries to follow the rules just based on personal needs or concerns on others (for fear of negative consequences of actions).
- Conventional: 1) Good-Child Morality: expectations and approval from others 2) Law & Order Morality: stick to the rules of order and approved (the guilt of others if they do not follow the demands of surface).
- Post conventional: 1) the reasons for the social contract are aware of the value and diversity of opinion 2) adhered to the principle of universal conscience as a sense of responsibility (of regret or self-punishment for not following his own moral sense).
WHAT IS
PERSONALITY ?
Persona → a Latin word for mask.
So the persona is the mask you put on before you show yourself to the outside world
So the persona is the mask you put on before you show yourself to the outside world
Definition of personality
-Warren & Carmichael, 1930 : “Personality
is the entire mental organization of a human being at any stage of his development. It embraces every phase of human character: intellect,
temperament, skill, morality, and every attitude that has been built up in the
course of one's life.”
-Hall & Lindzey, 1957, characterizing statements by Gordon Allport : “Personality is the essence of a human being.
-Mayer, 2005 : “An individual's pattern
of psychological processes arising from motives, feelings, thoughts,
and other
major areas of psychological function. Personality is expressed through its
influences on the body,
in conscious mental life, and through the individual's
social behavior.”
-Schultz, 1986 : “Personality as an
enduring and unique cluster of characteristics that nevertheless may change in
response to different situation.
Epps is one of the tools that are frequently used personality tests in recruitment of prospective employees known as the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (Epps). In apsychological test or psychological tests, the tool is often the one that is used to measure(reveal) 15 motives / personal needs (typical) over 225 items in pairs.
You will be be asked to choose the most appropriate with yourself. In short, you can look at15 needs to be disclosed in the following Epps:
• Achievement: the need for a job well / optimal
• Deference: the need to comply with / conform to the norm or postpone
• Order: the need to make the planning and management (regular)
• Exhibition: the need to be the center of attention in the group
• Autonomy: the need to have autonomy over their own responsibilities and obligations
• Affiliation: the need to establish social interactions inherent
• Intraception: need to analyze the behavior or feelings of others
• Succorance: the need to receive support from others
• Dominance: the need to lead and influence others
• Abasement: the need to accept and acknowledge the mistakes of others
• Nurturance: the need to help others
• Change: the need to seek new experiences and to avoid routine
• Endurance: the need to complete a task (endurance)
• Heterosexuality: the need to interact with the opposite sex
• Aggression: the need for expression and critical of others
Epps results of will form a graph that shows whether you have a strong tendency on the needs of achievement, nurturance, endurance or the other. From here, of course you can already predict, majoring in ITB A need people like what? For the scope of techniques,usually required of people who have strong endurance, achievement (if it all), autonomy, order. Some 225 items intended to get a picture of your personality.Epps