Social Psychology

Posted by Unknown On Selasa, 17 Januari 2012 0 komentar

Social psychology is the branch of psychology that studies the interaction of individuals with other individuals
Social influences result in the group
Two main factors responsible for the group's ability to change individual behavior: 
  •  Diffusion of responsibility  
Effect 'is in group' is to reduce the personal responsibility of each member of the group to behave in accordance. Ex: see the accident, his own personal responsibility, rollicking ​​impersonal, think 'who else is going to help.
  • Behavior of individuals in the group affected by the process of modeling
Members of the group members' behavior mimics lainny. Ex: look at the accident rollicking ​​if no one was trying to help, others are also not.

NORMS
Norms are a set of rules that apply in the community that provide limits for individual behavior. In the context of the group, the norm is a rule that applied or applicable to all members of the group.

CONFORMITY
Conformity is the result of pressure groups although there was no direct request to comply.
Arise when individuals adopt attitudes / behaviors of others because of pressure from their real or imaginary
.

PERSUASI
Persuasion is the process of changing the attitudes of other individuals through the arguments and other means. Persuasive communication is not dependent on whether or not a logical argument logic is only one of the least important factor!
socialThe quality of persuasive communication depends on the general categories of: characteristics of the speaker, message, channel, and the listener.

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Theory of Emotion, 3 Basic theory

Posted by Unknown On Minggu, 08 Januari 2012 0 komentar

1.James Lange Theory (William James, 1890 and Carl Lange, 1922)
Generally, emotion: stimulus fear (emotion) shaking
According to James-Lange: contrary.
Stimulus thalamus (sensory relay center) hypothalamus bodily reactions (shaking) cortex emotion (fear). That is, the emotions as a result of physiological reactions that arise due to the stimulus that we receive from the environment.
Critics Darr Walter Cannon (1927):
Experiment: disconnection of nerve intercessory info body's reaction to the cortex who experienced normal emotional reaction
Physical reaction to some emotions are relatively the same, how do I differentiate?
Internal organs to respond relatively slowly to raise the required reaction.
Experiments: injection of the hormone adrenaline trigger physical reactions but caused no emotion.
2.Cannon-Bard theory
Experience emotional and physical reactions occur simultaneously and are two independent events.
Stimulus thalamus (cortex emotion (fear) and hypothalamus tremble (physical reaction).
3.Cognitive Theories
  • Arnold-Ellis
    Emotional reaction depends on the cognitive interpretation of the stimulus situation.
    Stimulus thalamus cortex - hypothalamus physical reactions.
     
  • Schachter-Singer's two-factor theory of emotion
    Emotional reaction depends on the cognitive interpretation of stimuli and reactions to situations physiological / behavioral
    Stimulus thalamus cortex,-- hypothalamus cortex physical reactions.

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EMOTION

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Emotions are positive and negative feelings who come from situations / stimuli that affect the individual.
Evans (1989): the feeling that involves a mix of physical reactions (ex: heart rate increases), conscious experience (ex: fall in love), who looks and behavior (ex: a smile)
So, the elements include emotion, stimulus, conscious experience, physical reactions, and behaviors.
Factors affecting the emotional
  • Individual's physical state (ex: pain, lbh sensitive feelings) 
  • The ground state of individual / private structure of the individual (eg, irritability org yg) 
  • Individual circumstances at a time (temporary) for example: people who are normal people frantically VS.
Types of Emotions:
Basic human emotions (Rene Descartes, 1596-1650):
  1. love 
  2. excitement 
  3. desire 
  4. hate 
  5. sad 
  6. amazed
Robert Plutchik (1991) proposed four dimensions of emotion to the classification:
  1. Negative or positive 
  2. Primary or mixed 
  3. Some who are polar opposite 
  4. its intensity varies
Eight primary emotions: acceptance, fear, surprise, Sadness, disgust, anger, Anticipation, joy.
8 mixture of emotions:
  1. Love (joy + acceptance) 
  2. Adherent (reception + fear) 
  3. Awe (fear + surprise) 
  4. Disappointed (shocked anguish +) 
  5. Remorse (sadness + disgust) 
  6. Contempt (anger + disgust) 
  7. Aggressiveness (anger anticipation +) 
  8. Optimism (anticipation + joy
Emotions can be a combination of mixed primary and mixed emotions. Ex: jealousy (love + rage)
Several opposite emotions. Ex: love> <sorry, optimistic> <disappointment, sadness> <joy, etc.

Process Emotions
Emotional reactions involving cognitive, physiological, and behavioral. 
-Cognitive form of thoughts, impressions, memories, interpretations. The situation can lead to pleasure, or distress, depending on how the assessments and individual meanings.
-Physiological, emotional interaction with the limbic system, cerebral cortex, autonomic nervous system, and the hormonal (endocrine). Cerebral cortex associated with the hypothalamus, amygdala and other limbic system structures. The ability to regulate emotions depends pd function is located in the prefrontal cortex blkg forehead. The amygdala function as an early warning system will be a threatening situation.
Real behavior, emotional displays of angry, sad, fearful, or happy. Ex: facial expression.

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Development of Morals

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The moral is an procedure, habits, customs.
The moral and power of thought / Cognitive are the ones who distinguishes man from other creatures.
Piaget's theory
  • Moral understanding in children + 7 th of moral realism, moral as something absolute and unchanging. 
  • Behavior considered right and wrong, justice remains. Obedience is based solely on the consequences of action. 
  • In early adolescence, enter Moral Autonomus or morals as something relative to a specific situation 
  • Teenagers as a moral view of social agreement, the rules will change if the values ​​change.  
  • True or false depending on the purpose and consequences. 
 Kohlberg's theory
  • Pre-conventional: 1) compliance & reason fear the consequences of punishment 2) the reason the tool / intermediaries to follow the rules just based on personal needs or concerns on others (for fear of negative consequences of actions).
  • Conventional: 1) Good-Child Morality: expectations and approval from others 2) Law & Order Morality: stick to the rules of order and approved (the guilt of others if they do not follow the demands of surface).
  • Post conventional: 1) the reasons for the social contract are aware of the value and diversity of opinion 2) adhered to the principle of universal conscience as a sense of responsibility (of regret or self-punishment for not following his own moral sense). 

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PERSONALITY

Posted by Unknown On Jumat, 06 Januari 2012 0 komentar

WHAT IS PERSONALITY ?
Persona → a Latin word for mask.
So the persona is the mask you put on before you show yourself to the outside world

Definition of personality
 
-Warren & Carmichael, 1930 : “Personality is the entire mental organization of a human being at any stage of  his development. It embraces every phase of human character: intellect, temperament, skill, morality, and every attitude that has been built up in the course of one's life.” 
-Hall & Lindzey, 1957, characterizing statements by Gordon Allport : “Personality is the essence of a human being.
-Mayer, 2005 : “An individual's pattern of psychological processes arising from motives, feelings, thoughts,
and other major areas of psychological function. Personality is expressed through its influences on the body, 
in conscious mental life, and through the individual's social behavior.”
-Schultz, 1986 : “Personality as an enduring and unique cluster of characteristics that nevertheless may change in response to different situation.



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EPPS

Posted by Unknown On Minggu, 01 Januari 2012 0 komentar


Epps is one of the tools that are frequently used personality tests in recruitment of prospective employees known as the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (Epps). In apsychological test or psychological tests, the tool is often the one that is used to measure(reveal) 15 motives / personal needs (typical) over 225 items in pairs.

You will be be asked to choose the most appropriate with yourself. In short, you can look at15 needs to be disclosed in the following Epps:

 Achievement: the need for a job well / optimal
 Deference: the need to comply with / conform to the norm or postpone
 Order: the need to make the planning and management (regular)
 Exhibition: the need to be the center of attention in the group
 Autonomy: the need to have autonomy over their own responsibilities and obligations
 Affiliation: the need to establish social interactions inherent
 Intraception: need to analyze the behavior or feelings of others
 Succorance: the need to receive support from others
 Dominance: the need to lead and influence others
 Abasement: the need to accept and acknowledge the mistakes of others
 Nurturance: the need to help others
 Change: the need to seek new experiences and to avoid routine
 Endurance: the need to complete a task (endurance)
 Heterosexuality: the need to interact with the opposite sex
 Aggression: the need for expression and critical of others

Epps results of will form a graph that shows whether you have a strong tendency on the needs of achievementnurturanceendurance or the otherFrom hereof course you can already predictmajoring in ITB A need people like whatFor the scope of techniques,usually required of people who have strong enduranceachievement (if it all), autonomy, order. Some 225 items intended to get a picture of your personality.Epps
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